Corps professoral et chercheurs
URI permanent de cette collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14658/5993
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Item Métadonnées seulement Transformer models used for text-based question answering systems(Springer New York LLC., 2023) Nassiri, Khalid; Akhloufi, MoulayThe question answering system is frequently applied in the area of natural language processing (NLP) because of the wide variety of applications. It consists of answering questions using natural language. The problem is, in general, solved by employing a dataset that consists of an input text, a query, and the text segment or span from the input text that provides the question’s answer. The ability to make human-level predictions from data has improved significantly thanks to deep learning models, particularly the Transformer architecture, which has been state-of-the-art in text-based models in recent years. This paper reviews studies related to the use of transformer models in the implementation of question-answering (QA) systems. The paper’s first focus is on the attention and transformer models. A brief description of the architectures is presented by classifying them into models based on encoders, decoders, and on both Encoder-Decoder. Following that, we examine the most recent research trends in textual QA datasets by highlighting the architecture of QA systems and categorizing them according to various criteria. We survey also a significant set of evaluation metrics that have been developed in order to evaluate the models’ performance. Finally, we highlight solutions built to simplify the implementation of Transformer models.Item Métadonnées seulement Une note sur le coefficient oméga (ω) et ses déclinaisons pour estimer la fidélité des scores(Association pour le Developpement de la Mesure et de l`Evaluation en Education (ADMEE), 2020) Béland, Sébastien; Michelot, FlorentAu cours des dernières décennies, certains auteurs ont suggéré de rejeter le coefficient alpha (α) de Cronbach (1951) pour adopter le coefficient oméga (ω) de McDonald (1985, 1999) basé sur un modèle d’analyse factorielle. Après avoir présenté certaines limites inhérentes à l’α, nous présentons le coefficient ω et ses déclinaisons en poursuivant deux objectifs : comprendre la logique théorique derrière les coefficients de fidélité oméga et exposer les spécificités des coefficients ω sur le plan de leur méthode de calcul. À cet effet, nous distinguons les conditions d’usage des différentes formes d’ω (total ou hiérarchique, dans le cadre d’une AFE ou d’une AFC). Un exemple d’analyse et des recommandations sont proposés pour mieux argumenter la fidélité des scores.Item Métadonnées seulement Obstacles et opportunités stratégiques de l’avenir de la formation à distance: Une contribution à la planification stratégique de l’Université de Moncton(Centre national d'enseignement à distance, 2022-10-13) Michelot, FlorentDire que la Covid-19 a bouleversé le rapport à la formation à distance (FAD) est une évidence qui relève du truisme. Sur le plan de la recherche, l’accroissement des productions a été considérable. Par exemple, dans la base de données ERIC, le nombre d’articles référencés en anglais portant sur l’éducation à distance (« Distance Education ») a quasiment été multiplié par cinq entre 2019 (454 références) et 2021 (2 223). Mais la production scientifique en éducation ne se traduit pas nécessairement en évolutions tangibles. Les établissements d’enseignement ont leurs logiques internes et nous laisserons aux sociologues des organisations le soin d’étudier celles-ci. En revanche, quelques indications nous permettent d’entrevoir des tangentes prises par les établissements en matière de FAD. À cet effet, EDUCAUSE suggérait ainsi que les établissements d’enseignement supérieur seraient amenés à choisir parmi trois voies technologiques postpandémiques : a) la restauration, c’est-à-dire revenir à la situation qui prévalait avant la pandémie ; b) l’évolution, à savoir s’attarder à s’adapter à une nouvelle normalité ; c) la transformation, soit redéfinir l’institution universitaire et contribuer à créer un nouvel enseignement supérieur (Grajek et 2020-2021 EDUCAUSE IT Issues Panel, 2020). Si l’on souhaite se garder de toute pensée hors-sol concernant les stratégies numériques des institutions d’enseignement supérieur au prisme de la distance, l’exercice de réflexion stimulant proposé dans ces pages par Peraya et Fiévez (2022) n’en est pas moins ambitieux. En effet, parmi les trois voies technologiques évoquées, des réalités (géographiques, financières ou autres) s’imposeront nécessairement comme autant de contraintes. À l’heure où cet article est proposé, l’université de Moncton (UdeM) est engagée depuis quelques mois dans l’élaboration d’une planification stratégique. Cet exercice nous permet de proposer, modestement, une réflexion sur la stratégie numérique d’une université francophone, dans un environnement nord-américain singulier, au prisme de la FAD. Après avoir exposé quelques caractéristiques de l’UdeM et présenté des initiatives en FAD, nous ferons état des réflexions des autres établissements postsecondaires de la province. En conclusion, nous ferons quelques propositions qui pourraient alimenter le futur plan d’action de l’université.Item Métadonnées seulement NARMAX approach for micro positioning stage piezoelectric actuator hysterisis identification(Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science, 2023) Amor, Ounissi; Kaddouri, Azeddine; Abdessemed, RachidThe structure of the model may either be inferred via an experimental study or just by looking at the input and output data. A novel nonlinear autoregressive with exogenous inputs (NARMAX) method for identifying PEA piezoelectric positioning mechanisms is put forward in this study. The developed model enables accurate prediction of the hysteresis of the PEAs. The accuracy of the model built from the input and output data will be assessed by comparison with a LuGre model. The results of the identification show that the recommended approach is successful and that it has a high degree of identification precision within an absolute error range of one micron. The findings demonstrated the potential of the suggested method for classifying nonlinear PEAs.Item Métadonnées seulement Spatial and temporal characteristics of past droughts in New Brunswick (1971–2020)(John Wiley and Sons Ltd., 2023) Poirier, Charlotte; Fortin, Guillaume; Dubreuil, VincentThis study aimed to provide a historical picture from 1971 to 2020 of the state of droughts in New Brunswick (NB). More specifically, we wished to determine whether there were statistically significant trends using two drought indices: the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). Monthly precipitation (rain and snow) and average maximum and minimum temperatures were obtained from 10 stations located in New Brunswick. Then, we applied Mann–Kendall and Sen's Slope's nonparametric tests to these two indices at a 1-, 3-, 6- and 12-month timescale. The results have shown that the average value for the SPI and SPEI evolution throughout the study period indicated a decrease in indices values (at 95% confidence level). The temporal evolution of the SPI and SPEI were similar at various timescales regarding severities and intensities. However, there were still slight differences in the fluctuation values, especially during the last 20 years of the study period. At a 12-month timescale, both indices indicated the driest years as being 2020, 2001 and 2004. The SPEI Miramichi, Saint John and Moncton stations had maximum negative MK values (−0.259, −0.221 and −0.215), respectively. As for spatial distribution, four stations located in the south stood out with the highest increase in dry conditions and significantly negative trends (meaning increased drought in this case). Stations in the northern part of the province (Bathurst and Charlo) show non-significant trends. This study suggests a slight drought increase trend exists in New Brunswick, while an increase in annual precipitation is expected between 42 and 324 mm by 2100 according to climate scenario RCP8.5 of CMIP6.Item Métadonnées seulement ArcticBirdSounds: An open‐access, multiyear, and detailed annotated dataset of bird songs and calls(Ecological Society of America, 2023) Christin, Sylvain; Chicoine, Christine; O'Neill Sanger, Tommy; Guigueno, Mélanie F.; Hansen, Jannik; Lanctot, Richard B.; MacNearney, Douglas; Rausch, Jennie; Saalfeld, Sarah T.; Schmidt, Niels M.; Smith, Paul A.; Woodard, Paul F.; Hervet, Éric; Lecomte, NicolasTracking biodiversity shifts is central to understanding past, present, and future global changes. Recent advances in bioacoustics and the low cost of high-quality automatic recorders are revolutionizing studies in biogeography and community and behavioral ecology with a robust assessment of phenology, species occurrence, and individual activity. This large volume of acoustic recordings has recently generated a plethora of datasets that can now be handled automatically, mostly via big data methods such as deep learning. These approaches need high-quality annotations to classify and detect recorded sounds efficiently. However, very few strongly annotated datasets—that is, with detailed information on start and end time of each vocalization—are openly accessible to the public. Moreover, these datasets mostly cover temperate species and are usually limited to a single year of recordings. Here, we present ArcticBirdSounds, the first open-access, multisite, and multiyear strongly annotated dataset of arctic bird vocalizations. ArcticBirdSounds offers 20 h of annotated recordings over 2 years (2018, 2019), taken from 15 distinct plots within six locations across the Arctic, from Alaska to Greenland. Recordings cover the arctic vertebrates' breeding period and are evenly spaced during the day; they capture most species breeding there with 12,933 temporal annotations in 49 classes of sounds. While these data can be used for many pressing ecological questions, it is also a unique resource for methodological development to help meet the challenges of fast ecosystem transformations such as those happening in the Arctic. All data, including audio files, annotation files, and companion spreadsheets, are available in an Open Science Framework repository published under a CC BY 4.0 License.Item Métadonnées seulement Applying ergonomics and human factors to congress organization in uncertain times(Elsevier Ltd., 2022) Black, Nancy; Neumann, W. Patrick; Noy, Ian; Dewis, ColleenOrganizational Design and Management (ODAM) elements of Ergonomics and Human Factors (E/HF) apply to congress organization. Exemplary delegate and organizer E/HF experience is constrained by shifting requirements, time pressures and financial constraints. E/HF application while organizing the International Ergonomics Association's Triennial Congress in 2021 (IEA2021) is described focusing on delivery platforms considering typical and exceptional (pandemic) constraints, emphasizing ODAM E/HF principles and generalizable lessons. Post-Congress feedback from delegates, session chairs and Congress organizers reveal the Congress as experienced. Presenting virtually allowed on-demand recording access following live sessions and increased question-and-answer flexibility. Frustrations included navigating multiple platforms and insufficient communications. Stakeholders’ differing expectations increased organizer workloads and delegate frustration. Maximum virtual presentation benefits require efforts to ensure integrated, human-centered platform development. Simply digitizing traditional Congress sessions ignores potential enhancements. Embracing innovations would help meet delegate communication needs via careful selection and deployment of evolving virtual meeting technologies. Organizational learning strategies can support these efforts.Item Accès libre Corina Crainic (2019). Martinique, Guadeloupe, Amériques. Des marrons, du gouffre et de la Relation. Québec : Presses de l’Université Laval. 164 pages. [coll. Américana](Université de Moncton, 2018) Desrochers, JulienCompte rendu du livre : Martinique, Guadeloupe, Amériques. Des marrons, du gouffre et de la Relation, écrit par Corina CrainicItem Métadonnées seulement The Birth of a Review or (How Villani Both Reinforces and Challenges Our Beliefs About Mathematics) A Review of Cédric Villani's Birth of a Theorem: A Mathematical Adventure(University of Montana - ScholarWorks, 2023) LeBlanc, ManonIn the book Birth of a Theorem: A Mathematical Adventure, Cédric Villani paints a portrait of himself, from the (dare I say) obsessed mathematician who works until the wee hours of the night, to the ordinary citizen, enjoying an impressive variety of music, to the slightly odd man sporting an ornamental spider daily. From Lyon to Paris, through the despair of not being able to eat quality cheese, Villani takes us on a journey, revisiting the path that led him to win the Fields Medal. He takes us back in time and punctuates his account with anecdotes or stories of mathematicians. We recognize well-known names (Nash, Poincaré, etc.) through stories that are less well-known. He lets us in his adventure, and we jump in with both feet (e.g., see Figure 1).Item Métadonnées seulement Observation and Institutional Ethnography: Helping Us to See Better(Sage Publications Inc., 2021) Balcom, Sarah; Doucet, Shelley; Dubé, AnikObservation is a staple data collection method, which is used in many qualitative approaches, including both traditional and institutional ethnographies. While observation is one of the most used data collection methods in traditional ethnography, less is written about its use by institutional ethnographers. Institutional ethnography is an approach to social research where the aim is to explicate how peoples’ every activities are coordinated or ruled by different institutions. In this article we explore uses of observation as a data collection method, focusing on its use in institutional ethnography. We use examples from the health care literature to show how observation can be beneficial and help institutional ethnographers see better.Item Métadonnées seulement Postures des parents entendants d’enfant sourd au regard des services et des intervenants dans le domaine de la surdité(INSEI, 2021) Kirsch, Sarah; Piérart, Geneviève; Gaucher, CharlesLa naissance d’un enfant présentant une surdité déstabilise le projet familial initialement prévu par les parents. Ils se retrouvent projetés dans un monde qui leur est inconnu et se sentent rapidement désorientés parmi les nouvelles terminologies, les nouvelles attentes et les nouvelles technologies qui font irruption dans leur vie. Les différents intervenants qui accompagnent les parents jouent un rôle prépondérant dans l’accès à l’information et dans l’acquisition d’un sentiment de compétence de la part des parents. Cet article, s’appuyant sur des données d’une recherche qualitative faite auprès de 117 parents d’enfant ayant une surdité dans différents pays francophones, s’intéresse aux postures des parents au regard des mesures de soutien et des professionnels.Item Métadonnées seulement Dialectic as true rhetoric in Plato's Gorgias(De Gruyter, 2023-01-01) Renaud, FrançoisItem Métadonnées seulement François-Olivier Dorais, L’école historique de Québec. Une histoire intellectuelle, Montréal, Boréal, 2022, 476 p.(Université Laval, 2023) Massicotte, JulienDepuis quelques années, le nom de François-Olivier Dorais est de plus en plus fréquemment associé à l’histoire intellectuelle au Québec et au sein des francophonies canadiennes. Les férus d’historiographie se souviendront certainement de son Un historien dans la Cité. Gaétan Gervais et l’Ontario français, paru en 2016.Item Métadonnées seulement Education and Training for Infection prevention and control provided by long-term care homes to family caregivers: A scoping review protocol(Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2023) MacLean, Rachel; Durepos, Pamela; Gibbons, Caroline; Morris, Patricia; Witherspoon, Richelle; Taylor, Natasha; Keeping-Burke, Lisa; McCloskey, RoseObjective: The objective of this review is to map the infection prevention and control education and training that long-term care homes use with families during a pandemic or infectious outbreak. Introduction: During the COVID-19 pandemic, restrictions were imposed on visits to long-term care homes to decrease the risk of virus transmission. These restrictions had negative consequences for both residents and families. A scoping review of infection prevention and control education and training used with families will inform family visitation practices and policies during future infectious outbreaks. Inclusion criteria: This review will examine literature describing infection prevention and control education and training provided to families in long-term care homes. Research and narrative papers, including experimental; quasi-experimental; descriptive observational quantitative and qualitative studies; and reviews, text, policy, and opinion papers, will be considered for inclusion. Methods: A 3-step approach will be followed, in line with the JBI methodology for scoping reviews. Published literature will be searched for in databases, including CINAHL, Embase, ERIC, MEDLINE, and AgeLine. Published and unpublished papers will be considered from 1990 to the present, in English or French. The World Health Organization, Centers for Disease Control, and the Public Health Agency of Canada websites will be searched for unpublished and gray literature. Two authors will independently review and assess studies for inclusion and extract the data. The findings will be charted in a narrative summary and tables.Item Métadonnées seulement Robert Bly in New Brunswick: The Cross-Border Poetics of Allan Cooper(Routledge, 2023) Hodd, ThomasNew Brunswick poets have a history of looking to the United States for literary models. A recent example is Allan Cooper, the Alma, New Brunswick writer, editor, publisher, and translator, who since the late 1970s has spent much of his career emulating both the poetics and literary activities of the Minnesota poet, editor, and translator, Robert Bly. Not only did Cooper adopt Bly’s Deep Image poetics and the concept of the twofold consciousness: he also modeled the editorial policies for his creative-writing journal, Germination, on the editorial approach employed by Bly in his poetry magazine, The Fifties. Cooper also followed Bly’s example by performing translation as a means for improving his own poetic craft. Taken together, Cooper’s embrace of Bly as literary mentor corresponds to the beginnings of a larger shift away from Canada’s entrenched cultural nationalism of the 1960s and 1970s toward more internationalist cultural interventions by the mid-1980s.Item Métadonnées seulement Immigration et francophonies minoritaires canadiennes : les apories de la cohésion sociale(University of Ottawa * Centre de Recherche en Civilisation Canadienne-Française, 2021) Sall, Leyla; Veronis, Luisa; Huot, Suzanne; Piquemal, Nathalie; Zellama, FaïçalLes communautés francophones en situation minoritaire (CFSM) du Canada ont opéré une transformation sociétale remarquable au début des années 2000 : elles sont devenues des communautés d’accueil d’immigrants d’expression française et francophiles. Mais qu’en est-il de leur cohésion sociale dans le contexte de la diversité ethnoraciale ? Cet article explore les apories de la cohésion sociale dans quatre CFSM à travers le pays (Colombie-Britannique, Manitoba, Ontario et Nouveau-Brunswick). Il se base, d’une part, sur des tendances lourdes de la recherche en sciences sociales portant sur la cohésion sociale et, d’autre part, sur des données qualitatives issues de groupes de discussion. Nos résultats confirment un fait mis en évidence par la sociologie durkheimienne : l’atteinte d’une cohésion sociale par les CFSM semble devoir passer par un processus de destruction créatrice générateur de collectivités contractuelles, qui sont aptes à intégrer pleinement des immigrants francophones transnationaux qui ne partagent pas nécessairement les ambitions de faire société de leur communauté d’accueil.Item Métadonnées seulement The multivariate normal distribution: theory and applications(World Scientific Publishing, 2021) Pham-Gia, ThuThis book provides the reader with user-friendly applications of normal distribution. In several variables it is called the multinormal distribution which is often handled using matrices for convenience. The author seeks to make the arguments less abstract and hence, starts with the univariate case and moves progressively toward the vector and matrix cases. The approach used in the book is a gradual one, going from one scalar variable to a vector variable and to a matrix variable. The author presents the unified aspect of normal distribution, as well as addresses several other issues, including random matrix theory in physics. Other well-known applications, such as Herrnstein and Murray's argument that human intelligence is substantially influenced by both inherited and environmental factors, will be discussed in this book. It is a better predictor of many personal dynamics — including financial income, job performance, birth out of wedlock, and involvement in crime — than are an individual's parental socioeconomic status, or education level, and deserve to be mentioned and discussed.Item Métadonnées seulement Space-time refelction symmetry in the Jones formalism in optics(American Physical Society, 2023) Bisson, Jean-FrançoisWe provide a description of the space-time reflection operator (PT) acting on the two-dimensional polarization space of light represented by the linear algebra of Jones vectors and matrices. We establish the form of a PT-symmetric Jones matrix. We present two examples of laser resonators whose polarization eigenstates are described by PT-symmetric Jones matrices: one is based on the Faraday effect and a dichroic attenuation, while the other is made of twisted anisotropic mirrors. Both possess a control parameter that experimentally covers the exact and the broken PT-symmetry regions and their boundary, called an exceptional point, where the eigenstates of the resonator coalesce into a single state. The exact PT-symmetric region produces laser polarization modes emitting at the same frequency with different intracavity losses, while the broken PT-symmetric region features polarization modes emitting at distinct frequencies with the same intracavity losses. By applying unitary transformations, the concept of a PT-symmetric Jones matrix is extended to matrices that commute with any antiunitary operator, thereby opening the prospect of a larger family of resonator geometries that also feature real or complex-conjugate spectra.Item Métadonnées seulement A novel hybrid feature method based on Caelen auditory model and gammatone filterbank for robust speaker recognition under noisy environment and speech coding distortion(Springer, 2023) Krobba, Ahmed; Debyeche, Mohamed; Selouani, Sid. AhmedCurrently, the majority of the state-of-the-art speaker recognition systems predominantly use short-term cepstral feature extraction approaches to parameterize the speech signals. In this paper, we propose new auditory features based Caelen auditory model that simulate the external, middle and inner parts of the ear and Gammtone filter for speaker recognition system, called Caelen Auditory Model Gammatone Cepstral Coefficients (CAMGTCC). The performances evaluations of the proposed feature are carried by the TIMIT and NIST 2008 corpus. The speech coding represent by Adaptive Multi-Rate wideband (AMR-WB) and noisy conditions using various noises SNR levels which are extracted from NOISEX-92. Speaker recognition system using GMM-UBM and i-vector-GPLDA modelling. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed feature extraction method performs better compared to the Gammatone Cepstral Coefficients (GTCC) and Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCC) features. For speech coding distortion, the features extraction proposed improve the robustness of codec-degraded speech at different bit rates. In addition, when the test speech signals are corrupted with noise at SNRs ranging from (0 dB to 15 dB), we observe that CAMGTCC achieves overall equal error rate (EER) reduction of 10.88% to 6.8% relative, compared to baselines.Item Métadonnées seulement L’Acadie du Nouveau-Brunswick et les immigrants francophones: Un modèle d’intégration économique par les marges(Université de Poitiers, 2021) Sall, Leyla; Bolland, BenoitAu début des années 2000, l’Acadie du Nouveau-Brunswick, une francophonie minoritaire canadienne, est devenue une communauté d’accueil d’immigrants d’expression française grâce au militantisme et au droit. Le discours d’une partie de ses élites et de ses organismes communautaires est très favorable à l’immigration. Toutefois confrontée à une incomplétude institutionnelle pluridimensionnelle en matière d’immigration, l’Acadie érige des frontières dans les secteurs centraux de son marché du travail, soit l’éducation et la santé en français. Les immigrants sont ainsi rejetés dans les marges de son marché du travail et plus précisément dans des niches d’emploi conjoncturelle et structurelle. Ils se rendent compte qu’on les a sélectionnés pour vivre en français et renforcer la vitalité de leur communauté d’accueil, mais ne peuvent faire société en français à cause d’enjeux identitaires entrainant des rapports sociaux discriminatoires lesquels les empêchent d’être pleinement inclus dans leur nouvelle communauté d’accueil. Une francophonie locale segmentée et juxtaposée commence ainsi à émerger en raison du déficit d’intégration des immigrants sur le marché du travail francophone.